Multi-omics Analysis and Systems Biology Integration Identifies the Roles of IL-9 in Keratinocyte Metabolic Reprogramming.

IL-9.producing T cells are present in healthy skin as well as in the cutaneous lesions of inflammatory diseases and cancers. However, the roles of IL-9 in human skin during homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders remain obscure. In this study, we examined the roles of IL-9 in metabolic reprogramming of human primary keratinocytes (KCs). High-throughput quantitative proteomics revealed that IL-9 signaling in human primary KCs disrupts the electron transport chain by downregulating multiple electron transport chain proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonanceebased metabolomics showed that IL-9 also reduced the production of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in human primary KCs. An integration of multiomics data with systems-level analysis using the constraint-based MitoCore model predicted marked IL-9-dependent effects on central carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in relation to the glycolytic switch. Stable isotope metabolomics and biochemical assays confirmed increased glucose consumption and redirection of metabolic flux toward lactate by IL-9. Functionally, IL-9 inhibited ROS production by IFN-gamma and promoted human primary KC survival by inhibiting apoptosis. In conclusion, our data reveal IL-9 as a master regulator of KC metabolic reprogramming and survival.