The Association of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga with Happiness: A Case-Control Observational Study from Singapore.

Happiness is a complex subjective experience that is essential to societal progress. This study investigated the association between Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) and subjective happiness in Singapore. Subjective happiness data were collected from a convenience sample (N = 733) comprised of 2 groups: SKY (n = 385) and non-SKY (n = 348) practitioners. SKY was categorized into non-, monthly, weekly, and daily practitioners and happiness was categorized into lower, middle and higher tertile groups. Confounding variables included age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption and self-reported health. Daily SKY participation was positively associated with a 2-fold higher likelihood of being happier in a multivariate regression analysis. The trend analysis showed that as SKY frequency increases, the odds of being happier increases. These findings help generate the hypothesis that yogic breathing may promote happiness. Further experimental and prospective investigations are warranted.