Exploring Electroactive Microenvironments in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites to Sensitize Bacterial Cells to Low-Dose Embedded Silver Nanoparticles

The search for alternative antimicrobial strategies capable of avoiding resistance mechanisms in bacteria are highly needed due to the alarming emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The application of physical stimuli as a mean of sensitizing bacteria for the action of antimicrobials on otherwise resistant bacteria or by allowing the action of low quantity of antimicrobials may be seen as a breakthrough for such pur -pose. This work proposes the development of antibacterial nanocomposites using the synergy between the electrically active microenvironments, created by a piezoelectric polymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE)), with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The electrical mi-croenvironment is generated via mechanical stimulation of piezoelectric PVDF-TrFE/AgNPs films using a lab-made mechanical bioreactor. The generated material's electrical response further translates to bacte-rial cells, namely Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis which in combination with AgNPs and the specific morphological features of the material induce important antibacterial and antibiofilm activ-ity. Both porous and non-porous PVDF composites have shown antibacterial characteristics when stimu-lated at a mechanical frequency of 4 Hz being the effect boosted when AgNPs were incorporated in the nanocomposite, reducing in more than 80% the S. epidermidis bacterial growth in planktonic and biofilm form. The electroactive environments sensitize the bacteria allowing the action of a low dose of AgNPs (1.69% (w/w)). Importantly, the material did not compromise the viability of mammalian cells, thus being considered biocompatible. The piezoelectric stimulation of PVDF-based polymeric films may represent a breakthrough in the development of antibacterial coatings for devices used at hospital setting, taking ad-vantage on the use of mechanical stimuli (pressure/touch) to exert antibacterial and antibiofilm activity.Statement of significance The application of physical methods in alternative to the common chemical ones is seen as a break-through for avoiding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial strategies that take advan-tage on the capability of bacteria to sense physical stimuli such as mechanical and electrical cues are scarce. Electroactive nanocomposites comprised of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were developed to obtain material able to in-hibit the colonization of microorganisms. By applying a mechanical stimuli to the nanocomposite, which ultimately mimics movements such as walking or touching, an antimicrobial effect is obtained, resulting from the synergy between the electroactive microenvironments created on the surface of the material and the AgNPs. Such environments sensitize the bacteria to low doses of antimicrobials.(c) 2021 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.