Associated Factors and Short-Term Mortality of Early Versus Late Acute Kidney Injury Following On-Pump Cardiac Surgery

OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common following cardiac surgery. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of AKI that occurred within 48 h and during 48 h to 7 days after cardiac surgery. METHODS: Patient data were extracted from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guideline and divided into early (within 48 h) and late (during 48 h to 7 days) AKI. Multivariable logistic regression models were established to investigate risk factors for AKI. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyse 90-day survival. RESULTS: AKI occurred in 51.2% (2741/5356) patients within the first 7 days following cardiac surgery, with the peak occurrence at 3648 h. The incidence of early and late AKI was 41.9% and 9.2%, respectively. Patients with late AKI were older and had more comorbidities compared to early AKI patients. Risk factors associated with early AKI included age, body mass index, congestive heart failure and diabetes. While late AKI was related to atrial fibrillation, estimated glomerular filtration rate, sepsis, norepinephrine, mechanical ventilation and packed red blood cell transfusion. In Cox proportional model, both late and early AKIs were independently associated with 90-day mortality, and patients with early AKI had better survival than those with late AKI. CONCLUSIONS: AKI that occurred earlier was distinguishable from AKI that occurred later after cardiac surgery. Time frame should be taken into consideration.