Correction To: Transplantation of PSA-NCAM-Positive Neural Precursors from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Promotes Functional Recovery in an Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent impairment of motor and sensory functions at and below the lesion site. There is no therapeutic option to the functional recovery of SCI involving diverse injury responses of different cell types in the lesion that limit endogenous nerve regeneration. In this regard, cell replacement therapy utilizing stem cells or their derivatives has become a highly promising approach to promote locomotor recovery. For this reason, the demand for a safe and efficient multipotent cell source that can differentiate into various neural cells is increasing. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of human polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive neural precursor cells (hNPCs(PSA-NCAM+)) as a treatment for SCI. Methods: One hundred thousand hNPCs(PSA-NCAM+) isolated from human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs were transplanted into the lesion site by microinjection 7 days after contusive SCI at the thoracic level. We examined the histological characteristics of the graft and behavioral improvement in the SCI rats 10 weeks after transplantation. Results: Locomotor activity improvement was estimated by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. Behavioral tests revealed that the transplantation of the hNPCs(PSA-NCAM+) into the injured spinal cords of rats significantly improved locomotor function. Histological examination showed that hNPCs(PSA-NCAM+) had differentiated into neural cells and successfully integrated into the host tissue with no evidence of tumor formation. We investigated cytokine expressions, which led to the early therapeutic effect of hNPCs(PSA-NCAM+), and found that some undifferentiated NPCs still expressed midkine, a well-known neurotrophic factor involved in neural development and inflammatory responses, 10 weeks after transplantation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that hNPCs(PSA-NCAM+) serve as a safe and efficient cell source which has the potential to improve impaired motor function following SCI.