Gut and Respiratory Tract Microbiota in Children Younger Than 12 Months Hospitalized for Bronchiolitis Compared with Healthy Children: Can We Predict the Severity and Medium-Term Respiratory Outcome?

ABSTRACT Growing evidence indicates that gut and respiratory microbiota have a potential key effect on bronchiolitis, mainly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This was a prospective study of 96 infants comparing infants with bronchiolitis ( n = 57, both RSV and non-RSV associated) to a control group ( n = 39). Gut (feces) and respiratory [nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA)] microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and respiratory viruses were identified by PCR. Clinical data of the acute episode and follow-up during the first year after infection were recorded. Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences in the gut ( R 2 = 0.0639, P = 0.006) and NPA ( R 2 = 0.0803, P = 0.006) microbiota between cases and controls. A significantly lower gut microbial richness and an increase in the NPA microbial diversity (mainly due to an increase in Haemophilus , Streptococcus, and Neisseria ) were observed in the infants with bronchiolitis, in those with the most severe symptoms, and in those who subsequently developed recurrent wheezing episodes after discharge. In NPA, the higher microbial richness differed significantly between the control group and the non-RSV bronchiolitis group ( P = 0.01) and between the control group and the RSV bronchiolitis group ( P = 0.001). In the gut, the richness differed significantly between the control group and the non-RSV group ( P = 0.01) and between the control group and the RSV bronchiolitis group ( P = 0.001), with higher diversity in the RSV group. A distinct respiratory and intestinal microbial pattern was observed in infants with bronchiolitis compared with controls. The presence of RSV was a main factor for dysbiosis. Lower gut microbial richness and increased respiratory microbial diversity were associated with respiratory morbidity during follow-up. IMPORTANCE Both the intestinal and respiratory microbiota of children with bronchiolitis, especially those with respiratory syncytial virus infection, are altered and differ from that of healthy children. The microbiota pattern in the acute episode could identify those children who will later have other respiratory episodes in the first year of life. Preventive measures could be adopted for this group of infants.