Advances in pest risk assessment techniques focusing on invertebrate pests of European outdoor crops

Pest Risk Assessments (PRAs) provide a simple evidence-based evaluation of risk posed by one or more pests to crops and can support farmers and farm advisors in developing integrated pest management strategies. By providing a structured approach to estimating the likelihood of pests infesting crops, and the hazard they present to crop production, these assessments enable targeted preventative and mitigating actions with a clear link to impact. In this chapter we break down the processes and tools available to undertake a pest risk assessment, the potential influence of the perception of risk on decision making and provide a worked example for a priority pest in wheat.