Metagenomic Gut Microbiome Analysis of Japanese Patients with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/idiopathic Environmental Intolerance

Background Although the pathology of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is unknown, the central nervous system is reportedly involved. The gut microbiota is important in modifying central nervous system diseases. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and MCS remains unclear. This study aimed to identify gut microbiota variations associated with MCS using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples. Methods We prospectively recruited 30 consecutive Japanese female patients with MCS and analyzed their gut microbiomes using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The data were compared with metagenomic data obtained from 24 age- and sex-matched Japanese healthy controls (HC). Results We observed no significant difference in alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiota between the MCS patients and HC. Focusing on the important changes in the literatures, at the genus level, Streptococcus , Veillonella , and Akkermansia were significantly more abundant in MCS patients than in HC ( p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively, fold change = 4.03, 1.53, 2.86, respectively). At the species level, Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly more abundant ( p = 0.02, fold change = 3.3) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii significantly less abundant in MCS patients than in HC ( p = 0.03, fold change = 0.53). Functional analysis revealed that xylene and dioxin degradation pathways were significantly enriched ( p < 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively, fold change = 1.54, 1.46, respectively), whereas pathways involved in amino acid metabolism and synthesis were significantly depleted in MCS ( p < 0.01, fold change = 0.96). Pathways related to antimicrobial resistance, including the two-component system and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance, were also significantly enriched in MCS ( p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively, fold change = 1.1, 1.2, respectively). Conclusions The gut microbiota of patients with MCS shows dysbiosis and alterations in bacterial functions related to exogenous chemicals and amino acid metabolism and synthesis. These findings may contribute to the further development of treatment for MCS. Trial registration This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000031031. The date of first trial registration: 28/01/2018.