Ionizing Radiation‑induced Modification of Nialamide As an Anti‑inflammatory Agent Against Lipopolysaccharide‑induced RAW 264.7 and DH82 Cells

Nialamide is a non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor that was widely used as an antidepressant. However, it has been prohibited for decades in the depressive medicine market due to the adverse hepatotoxic side effects. The re-use of drugs that have been withdrawn from the market represents a promising approach for the development of novel incrementally modified drugs and, in this context, ionizing radiation can serve as a powerful tool for producing new drug candidates. The present study exposed nialamide to γ radiation at 50 kGy to obtain the novel cyclized benzylamide, nialaminosin (compound 2), along with five known compounds, 3-amino-N-benzylpropanamide (compound 3), 3-methoxy-N-benzylpropanamide (compound 4), 3-hydroxy-N-benzylpropanamide (HBPA; compound 5), N-benzylpropanamide (compound 6) and isonicotinamide (compound 7). Among the isolated compounds, HBPA was established to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 and cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10, without causing cytotoxicity to both RAW 264.7 and DH82 cells. Furthermore, HBPA was found to reduce the protein expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in macrophages and compared with nialamide, it was established to have more potent radical scavenging activity. The present study therefore suggested the application of HBPA for the improvement of anti-inflammatory properties using ionizing radiation technology on the withdrawn drug nialamide.