Deep Learning for Risk Stratification of Thymoma Pathological Subtypes Based on Preoperative CT Images

This study aims to develop an innovative, deep model for thymoma risk stratification using preoperative CT images. Current algorithms predominantly focus on radiomic features or 2D deep features and require manual tumor segmentation by radiologists, limiting their practical applicability. The deep model was trained and tested on a dataset comprising CT images from 147 patients (82 female; mean age, 54 years ± 10) who underwent surgical resection and received subsequent pathological confirmation. The eligible participants were divided into a training cohort (117 patients) and a testing cohort (30 patients) based on the CT scan time. The model consists of two stages: 3D tumor segmentation and risk stratification. The radiomic model and deep model (2D) were constructed for comparative analysis. Model performance was evaluated through dice coefficient, area under the curve (AUC), and accuracy. In both the training and testing cohorts, the deep model demonstrated better performance in differentiating thymoma risk, boasting AUCs of 0.998 and 0.893 respectively. This was compared to the radiomic model (AUCs of 0.773 and 0.769) and deep model (2D) (AUCs of 0.981 and 0.760). Notably, the deep model was capable of simultaneously identifying lesions, segmenting the region of interest (ROI), and differentiating the risk of thymoma on arterial phase CT images. Its diagnostic prowess outperformed that of the baseline model. The deep model has the potential to serve as an innovative decision-making tool, assisting on clinical prognosis evaluation and the discernment of suitable treatments for different thymoma pathological subtypes. • This study incorporated both tumor segmentation and risk stratification. • The deep model, using clinical and 3D deep features, effectively predicted thymoma risk. • The deep model improved AUCs by 16.1pt and 17.5pt compared to radiomic model and deep model (2D) respectively.