Recent Advances in Modification Strategies and Renewable Energy Applications of Tungsten-based Nanomaterials

5d tungsten-based materials are appealing for the electrochemical storage and conversion of renewable energy due to their earth abundance and unique electronic structure. This review article aims to comprehensively summarize recent progresses of tungsten-based materials in the field of energy storage and electrocatalysis. We first discuss the underlying principle of each synthetic approach for a variety of tungsten-based materials, such as tungsten carbides, tungsten oxides, tungsten sulfides/selenides, and single-tungsten-atom materials. Then, recent advances and representative works on their practical applications for energy storages and electrocatalytic conversions are systematically demonstrated and discussed. In particular, we highlight typical modification strategies, including heteroatom doping/vacancy engineering, interfacial engineering of heterojunctions and carbon-based composites, for performance improvements. Finally, we conclude with a perspective in this field and several recommendations toward promising tungsten-based materials for renewable energy innovations.